Explanation of the Offenses Governed by Law 20,393
Law No. 20,393 has established a limited list of crimes that can generate corporate criminal liability. They are bribery of national or foreign officials, money laundering, financing terrorism and reception. We will next allocate a section to explain the fundamental characteristics of these crimes.
4.1 Bribery
4.1.1 Bribery of national public officials and employees
This crime is established in Article 250 of the Criminal Code2. It sanctions those who offer or consent to deliver to an employee an undue financial benefit for the latter to take or omit certain actions arising from their position, to exercise influence over another public employee in benefit of a third party, or to commit certain crimes.
Article 260 of the Criminal Code establishes who are considered public employees for this purpose. The scope of the definition is quite wide; as a result, care must be taken when analyzing risk areas concerning the crime of bribery. The central focus of the legal definition is the performance of a public office or function.
It has been understood as a first approximation that we are considering a person who holds a "public office" when they have been vested with an appointment or received remuneration provided by the state. Therefore, there are no major difficulties in identifying risk areas when there is a relationship with public officials who formally hold public office (ministers, parliamentarians, police officers, inspectors, judges, etc.), or in the case of laws that directly assign such a status. The same is not true for the term "public function," which creates numerous problems, incorporating the concept of a public official into countless positions not covered by the strict regulation of the Administrative Code. For this reason, in case of doubt the criteria to be used is a presumption of public employee status and utilize the preventive measures contained in this model accordingly.
Concerning the aforementioned, the identification of risk areas for committing the crime of bribery cannot come from a superfluous analysis, since it is possible that an employee of the company is engaging with a public employee without it being obvious, especially if one considers that the public employee does not necessarily receive remuneration (they can play an honorary function) or may not belong to the central government (such as the Banco del Estado, Correos de Chile, CODELCO and ENAP).
Furthermore, although the crime of bribery will result in sanctions against anyone who provides or agrees to provide a public employee an economic benefit, it is not necessary that it benefit the public employee himself, but could instead seek to benefit a third party. Additionally, just the mere offer counts for commission of the crime, meaning it is not necessary that a benefit has been paid, nor even accepted or received (from the perspective that concerns us here, commission of the crime occurs merely by offering to give an economic benefit).
The economic benefit is offered, asked, or agreed to in exchange for the public employee performing certain actions or incurring omissions, but it is possible to accept, ask or receive the benefit before or after performing such acts or omissions.
For the purposes of this crime, economic benefit is understood as any remuneration received by the public employee that increases their equity or prevents its decline, be it in cash, assets, or any other item with monetary value (discounts, additional credit benefits, scholarships, etc.)
The acts and omissions expected of the public employee are set out in Articles 248, 248(a) and 249 of the Criminal Code, under the following terms:
- To offer or agree to deliver more than what they are allowed to receive by virtue of their office. This is the case of certain public employees who are authorized to charge certain pre-established sums of money for services provided to the public, but who cannot receive more than has been legally established. The crime of bribery occurs if the public employee directly asks for more that what is established (in which case the crime is committed by the public employee), or if someone offers it to them.
- To offer or agree to deliver an economic benefit to a public employee, for themselves or a third party, to engage in an action arising out of their service, but one that is not part of their own duties.
- To offer or agree to deliver an economic benefit to a public employee to avoid or to stop doing something that is required by virtue of their position or function.
- To offer or agree to deliver an economic benefit to the public employee for performing or having performed an act that violates or is contrary to the duties of their office. The violation may also consist of exerting influence over another public official so that the latter performs an act benefitting a third party.
- To offer or agree to deliver an economic benefit to the public employee to commit crimes or misdemeanors of an official character in the performance of their duties, or crimes infringing a person's rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
2 Article 250. He who offers or agrees to give a public employee an economic benefit, to their benefit or to a third party, to perform actions or incur omissions mentioned in Articles 248, 248(a) and 249, or for having already performed or incurred them, shall be liable for the same penalties of fines and disqualifications set forth in those provisions.
In the case of the benefit offered in connection with the acts or omissions of Article 248, the briber will be also punished with the penalty of minor imprisonment in its minimum degree.
In the case of benefits consented to or offered in connection with the acts or omissions referred to in Article 248(a), the briber will be further punished by minor imprisonment in the medium degree, in the case of benefit offered, or minor imprisonment in its minimum degree, in the case of consenting to the benefit.
In the case of benefits consented to or offered in connection with crimes or misdemeanors listed in Article 249, the briber will be further punished by minor imprisonment in the medium degree, in the case of benefit offered, or imprisonment in their minimal medium grade, in the case of benefit consented to. In these cases, if the briber could receive a penalty that is higher than the crime or misdemeanor in question, they will be charged with the latter.
4.1.2 Bribery of foreign public officials
This crime is established under Article 251(a) of the Criminal Code3. It requires, in broad terms, similar requirements to those previously analyzed for bribery, except that in this case the public official must serve another country or an international organization and the promised benefit can be of a noneconomic nature.
The crime of bribery of foreign public officials is judged by the Chilean justice even when it is committed outside the country. This is provided for in Article 6 N°2 of the Organic Code of Courts, provided the crime is committed by a Chilean or by a foreigner with regular residency in Chile. In both cases, criminal liability could be triggered for the legal entity for which the person works.
The same is not true if an individual commits the crime abroad and is not Chilean or a regular resident, in which case the crime must be brought before the foreign courts.
4.2 Money Laundering
The crime of money laundering is established in Article 27 of Law 19,9134, which punishes:
- Those who in any way conceal or disguise the illicit or prohibited origin of money or property knowing they come directly or indirectly from an illegal activity prohibited by law. In such a case, it is necessary to have knowledge that the property is in some way derived from the commission of any of the basic crimes established by law.
- Those who acquire, possess, possess or use, for the sake of profit, goods of illicit origin, provided that their illicit origin is known upon acceptance.
- Whoever engages in any of the above activities even though he did not know the illicit origin of the goods, if the subject should have known the origin and only did not know because of a lack of required care. This deals with a reckless form of money laundering, according to which not only is someone an offender if they have the direct intention of concealing the illicit origin of the goods, but also someone who for lack of required care "allowed" the unlawful conduct to be carried out.
For money laundering to be established, it is required that the funds that are hidden, concealed or maintained, come from certain illicit activities listed in the same Article, and that therefore are known as "underlying crimes."
In our legal system, the following are crimes that give rise to money laundering:
- Those established by Law N° 20,000, which sanctions the illicit trade of narcotics.
- Those which constitute acts of terrorism, described in Law N° 18,314.
- Parts of Law N° 17,798, concerning arms control:
- Those who manufacture, arm, process, import, bringing into the country, export, domestically transport, store, distribute, or establish conventions without the authorization prescribed by the law on regulated firearms.
- Those who build, use, package or own the facilities used in the construction, assembly, testing, storage or housing of firearms without the authorization required by law.
- The crimes of Law N° 18,045 on the Securities Market, which among other offenses includes the following:
- The malicious delivery of false records to the Superintendency of Securities and Insurance, to a stock exchange, or to the general public;
- The directors, administrators and managers of an issuer of publicly offered securities when they make maliciously false statements in the respective process of prospectus, issuance and dissemination;
- Those who issue public offerings of securities without meeting the legal requirements for registration;
- Those who deliberately use privileged insider information;
- Those who take advantage of insider information to conduct an act with the purpose of obtaining a pecuniary benefit or avoiding a loss, whether for themselves or third parties;
- Those who disclose privileged information, for the purpose of receiving a pecuniary benefit or avoiding a loss, whether for themselves or third parties:
- Those who disseminate false or misleading information with the purpose of manipulating the market;
- The trading of securities with the purpose of artificially stabilizing, fixing or causing prices to fluctuate; and
- Making false contributions or transactions.
- The crimes established in the General Banking Law, several of which apply only to banking and financial personnel, except for Article 160 which punishes those who obtain credits from credit institutions by providing or giving false or maliciously incomplete information about their identity, activities or financial or equity situation, causing damage to the institution.
- The crime of smuggling, of Article 168 in Conjunction with Article 178 N° 1, both of the Customs Ordinance, which covers those who introduce or remove from the national territory assets whose importation or exportation are prohibited, or who evades the corresponding taxes or does not pass the assets through Customs, or who brings foreign assets from a special tax regime into other areas with higher tax rates or to the rest of the country.
- In the second paragraph of Article 81 of Law N° 17,336, on intellectual property, which punishes whoever seeks to profit by manufacturing, importing, bringing into the country, taking or acquiring for purposes of commercial distribution copies of works, whether performances or sound recordings, in whatever medium, reproduced in violation of the provisions and rules on intellectual property.
- Articles 59 and 64 of Law N° 18,840, of Chile's Central Banking Law, referring in general to the manufacture and circulation of false currency, and of false documents at the Central Bank.
- The third paragraph of Number 4° of Article 97 of the Tax Code, concerning the malicious obtaining of tax refunds.
- Crimes of corruption, embezzlement of public funds, fraud and extortion, bribery, kidnapping and abduction of minors, production and distribution of pornographic material using minors, migrant smuggling and trafficking, and fraud and subsidy scams, all set forth in the Criminal Code.
3Article 251(a) - A person who offers, promotes or gives a foreign public official, a financial or other benefit, in their favor or of a third party, to perform an action or incur an omission with a view to obtaining or maintaining, for themselves or another, any illicit business or advantage in the scope of any international transactions, shall be punished with the penalty of minor imprisonment in its medium to maximum degree, plus with a fine and disqualification set forth in subsection Article 248(a). If the benefit is noneconomic, the fine shall be between one hundred to one thousand UTMs. The same sanctions will be applied to a person who offers, promotes or gives an allusion of benefit to a foreign public official for performing or having committed the referenced acts or omissions.
Whomsoever, in the same situations as those described in the preceding paragraph, consents to give the said benefit, shall be punished by minor imprisonment in its minimum to medium degree, in addition to the same fines and disqualification indicated.
4Article 27 of Law N° 19,913: The punishment of maximum imprisonment in the minimum to medium degrees and a fine of between two hundred and one thousand UTMs shall be applied to the following:
a) To the person who in any way conceals or disguises the illicit origin of certain assets, knowing that they come directly or indirectly from the commission of acts constituting one of the crimes under Law Nº 20,000, which punishes the smuggling of psychotropic and narcotic substances; under Law Nº 18,314, which defines acts of terrorism and establishes penalties; in Article 10 of Law Nº 17,798, on arms control; in Title XI of Law Nº 18,045, on the stock market; on Title XVII of the decree with force of law Nº 3 of the Ministry of Finance, 1997, under the General Banking Law; in Article 168 in conjunction with Article 178, Nº 1, both from the decree with force of law Nº 30 of the Ministry of Finance, 2005, approving the consolidated, coordinated and systematized text of the decree with force of Law Nº 213 of the Ministry of Finance of 1953 on the Customs Ordinance; in the second paragraph of Article 81 of Law Nº 17,336 on intellectual property; in Articles 59 and 64 of Law Nº 18,840, from the Central Bank Act; in paragraph three of number 4º of Article 97 of the Tax Code; in paragraphs 4, 5, 6, 9 and 9(a) of Title V and paragraph 10 of Title VI, both from Book II of the Criminal Code: in Articles 141, 142, 366d, 367, 374(a), 411(a), 411(b), 411(c), 411(d), and Articles 468 and 470, Nº 8, concerning the final paragraph of Article 467 of the Criminal Code; or, knowing of the origin of the assets, conceals or disguises them.
b) To the person who acquires, possesses, keeps or uses such assets for profit, where they were aware of the illicit origin at the moment of receiving them.
The same penalty shall be applied to the conduct described in this article if the assets come from an act committed abroad which is punishable in the place it was committed and which in Chile constitutes one of the crimes listed in letter a) above.
For the purposes of this article, assets are understood to mean any class of objects with monetary value, body or incorporeal, movable or immovable, tangible or intangible, as well as legal documents or instruments evidencing ownership of the assets or other rights over them.
If the author of any of the acts described in letters a) or b) does not know the origin of the assets due to inexcusable negligence, the punishment of imprisonment corresponding to the first or last paragraph of this Article shall be reduced by two degrees.
The fact that the origin of the aforementioned assets is a common and unlawful act mentioned in letter a) of the first paragraph shall not require a prior conviction, and can be proved following the same procedure used to prosecute the crimes under this article.
If the person participated as the author or accomplice of the act which provided such assets, they shall, in addition to the sanctions contemplated in this article, be punished additional for the originating actions.
In any case, the punishment of imprisonment applicable for cases of letters a) and b) shall not exceed the greater punishment which the law assigns to the author of the crime or misdemeanors through which the assets contemplated in this Article arose, without prejudice to the fines and additional penalties that may apply in accordance with the law.
4.3 Financing terrorism
In our country the financing of terrorism is described in Article 8° of Law N° 18,3145 and punishes those who in any form solicit, collect or provide funds with the purpose of using the funds to commit terrorist crimes established under the law.
The following qualify as terrorist crimes when they are used to intimidate a population or achieve a decision by the government:
- Aggravated murder, mutilation, assault resulting in life-threatening or severely life-threatening injuries, kidnapping, child abduction, the sending of explosive letters or parcels, fires and other damage to property, crimes against public health and derailment.
- To seize or attack a ship, aircraft, train, bus or other form of public transport in service, or the carrying out of acts which put in danger the lives, physical integrity or public health of passengers or crew.
- To make an attempt against the life or physical integrity of a Head of State or other political, judicial, military, policy or religious authority, or of persons who are internationally protected by reason of their office.
- To place, post, turn, throw, shoot or detonate bombs or explosives or incendiary devices of any kind, weapons of mass destruction, or weapons with toxic, corrosive or infectious effects.
- Additionally, conspiracy to commit one of the above-mentioned crimes.
The above are considered terrorism crimes if the act is committed with the aim of producing among the population, or in a portion of the population, a justified fear of becoming a victim of crimes of the same manner, whether shown by the nature and effects of the methods used, or by proof of following a premeditated plan to attack a category or determined group of people, whether it is committed to uproot or inhibit government decisions or to impose official requirements.
4.4 Reception
This crime, established in article 456(a) of the Criminal Code6, contemplates various forms of commission: to have, transport, buy, sell, transform or commercialize items deriving from certain crimes against property. All these actions have in common the direct exploitation of the removed or appropriated goods, and/or allowing or facilitating the author of such crimes to exploit what he obtained through the crime.
The goods received are those coming from the following crimes against property:
- Theft: appropriating, without the will of its owner and for profit, the movable property of others. Movable property is something that can move or be transported from one place to another.
- Robbery: also appropriating, without the will of the owner and for profit, the movable property of others, but while exercising violence or intimidation of people or forcing the objects.
- Farm rustling: the theft or robbery of certain animals or parts of them.
- Undue appropriation: the appropriation to the detriment of another of items that would have been received with an obligation to deliver or return them.
A person can only be punished for reception when he has been made aware that the property comes from a crime. But since this can be difficult to prove, reception also occurs if a person could not but know the illicit origin of the good that he has or acquires.
5 Article 8° Law N° 18,314: Whoever by any means, directly or indirectly, solicits, collects or provides funds for the purpose of being used in the commission of any of the terrorist crimes listed in Article 2°, shall be punishable with minor imprisonment in its minimum to medium degree, unless when while providing the funds they assume responsibility for a particular crime, in which case they will be sanctioned by this last title, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 294(a) of the Criminal Code.
6 Article 456(a): Any person who, having knowledge of the origin or who could not but know it, has in their possession, under any title, property that is stolen, removed, lifted, received or misappropriated under Article 470 number 1, and who transports, buys, sells, transforms or markets the property in any form, even if it has already been disposed of, will suffer the penalty of minor imprisonment in any of its degrees and a fine of five to one hundred monthly tax units.
In determining the applicable penalty, the court shall take into account the value of the property, as well as the seriousness of the crime through which they were obtained, if known by the perpetrator.